Double layers glaze analysis of the Fujian export blue-and-white porcelain from the Witte Leeuw shipwreck (1613)

Witte Leeuw was a cargo ship owned and operated by the Dutch East Indian Company. The wreck of this vessel is known for yielding a comprehensive range of Jingdezhen manufactured, blue-and-white export porcelains, particularly kraak wares; together with Fujian blue-and-white export porcelains, known as Swatow wares. A large number of ceramic fragments have been recovered from this wreck and currently reside in collections at the Rijksmuseum. For this study nine ceramic specimens were selected for further investigation, with the aim of determining the structure, composition and manufacturing process of the double-layer glazes. Both digital optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to examine the glaze morphology and microstructure; whilst energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy was utilised to measure the spatial distribution of chemical elements and to determine bulk elemental compositions. Raman spectroscopy was also trialled, with the technique being applied to the measurement of molecular vibrations within the silicon-oxygen network and associated alkali metal oxides, with the aim of identifying potential differences in the glaze layers. Examining the ceramic specimens, the blue decorations were applied between two layers of glaze, and the majority of the blue colour extends into the outermost layer, often exhibiting dissolution in the outer layer glaze. The two layers of the glaze appear to be formulated from different compositional recipes. Some export Swatow blue-and-white wares made in the Wanli Period (1573–1620) were glazed twice and fired twice.     

釉面分相对无铅CuO-MnO2系金属光泽釉的影响

以钙系生料釉为基础,引入结晶剂CuO、MnO₂制备无铅CuO-MnO₂系金属光泽釉;结合XRD、SEM-EDS进行物相组成定性分析和显微结构表征,系统探究外加TiO₂、V₂O₅以及玻璃粉对金属光泽釉釉面分相的影响。研究表明:一定量的TiO₂、V₂O₅引入能有效促进釉面的分相,将玻璃粉部分替换基础釉中的钾长石能使得釉熔体的高温粘度降低,并进一步加剧釉面分相,促进CuMn₂O₄铜锰尖晶石在釉层表面的析出和富集;当TiO₂引入量为2%,V₂O₅引入量为1%,玻璃粉引入量为25%(同为质量分数)时,金属光泽釉釉面效果最佳。     

全抛釉气泡影响因素的研究

针对目前建陶行业全抛釉气泡存在的难题,本文采用单因素实验法研究了全抛釉气泡的主要影响因素及其规律,揭示了坯体、底釉以及全抛釉的相关性能与气泡的关系。结果表明：全抛釉始熔点应与坯体的烧结性能以及底釉的融熔特性相匹配,严格控制全抛釉的高温黏度及表面张力有利于控制抛釉层中的气泡的数量和尺寸。全抛釉中形成一定量的晶体对气泡的控制和稳定有促进作用。     

透明裂纹釉影响因素的探究

本项目以较好的透明裂纹釉配方为基础,考察其釉料组成、工艺参数和烧成制度等对釉面效果的影响。实验结果证明：较好的组成范围是,钠长石为70-78wt.%,高岭土1-3wt.%,石英12-20wt.%,石灰石6-12wt.%;烧成温度为1290℃,保温30 min,冷却速度20℃/min;釉层厚度为0.8~1.3 mm,球磨时间是20 min。所得样品釉面光滑平整、透明度较好,裂纹也具有较好艺术效果。     

工艺条件对中温裂纹釉的影响

以钠长石、石英、硅灰石、方解石、龙岩高岭土、白云石为原料,采用氧化气氛在1 200~1 230℃制备中温裂纹釉。研究了工艺条件对中温裂纹釉的影响。实验结果表明:在配方组成不变的情况下,工艺条件对裂纹釉有着重要的影响。当球磨时间为9min时,釉浆浓度均匀易于裂纹釉的形成;同时当浸釉时间为6~9s,烧成温度为1 200~1 220℃,保温时间为20min时,釉面平整光滑,呈现大片开裂。     

低温快烧砂金釉

砂金釉是一种名贵釉料，因其结晶形类似于砂金石而得其名，传统砂金釉的生产过程中的毒性及使用过程中的铅溶出量较高，本文介绍一种低温快烧，无铅无毒生产砂金釉的配方、釉用原料、生产工艺过程，试验研究结果表明，采用此法生产砂金釉具有良好的推广应用前景。     

明代建筑琉璃（一）

在我国古代建筑技术发展史上，琉璃作为一种独特的建筑装饰材料已有一千多年的历史。根据文献的记载和近代考古发现，表明它起始于北魏，形成于唐宋，发展于元明。和砖瓦的历史相比，起步虽晚，发展速度甚快。特别是在明代，这种传统的工艺和技术的应用达到空前的地步，对清代以及近代的琉璃技艺也产生了深远的影响。通过对全国范围内主要的明代琉璃产地和实物进行考察，具体对琉璃瓦的历史发展、产地分布、类型、制度以及工艺进行了研究。     

助熔剂和密着剂对搪玻璃的作用机理及其研究进展

搪玻璃是一种在金属表面喷涂瓷釉(搪玻璃釉),经高温搪烧密着而成的复合材料,既具有玻璃的化学稳定性,又具有金属材料的硬度大、强度高等优良特性,同时表面光滑易清洗,因此在化工、医药等行业广泛应用。搪玻璃性能取决于搪玻璃釉的成分,搪玻璃釉包括基体剂、乳浊剂、助熔剂、密着剂等,其中助熔剂中含有低熔点物质,能够降低熔化温度,破坏搪玻璃釉连续的网络结构,形成新分子键,进而改良搪烧工艺;密着剂能够与金属基体发生化学反应,增强搪玻璃釉和金属基体的结合强度,进而提高力学性能。本文简要介绍了搪玻璃釉中的各类助剂,着重叙述了助熔剂和密着剂的组成及作用机理,为今后设计搪玻璃釉及提高搪玻璃设备性能提供了参考依据。     

快烧金属光泽结晶釉的研究

以钠长石、钨酸、氧化锰、氧化铜为原料成功制备了装饰效果良好的低温快烧金属光泽结晶釉。并通过控制变量的方法,研究了釉中各组分及不同工艺因素对釉面效果的影响。并通过XRD等测试手段分析了釉中晶相的组成,并初步分析了釉面呈现金属光泽的机理。     

Water management for sustainable steel industry

Abstract

The Worldsteel Water Management Project was initiated in June 2007 with the aim to prepare steel plants for future public and political pressures relating to water. Following several meetings and a presurvey, a water management survey was launched in July 2009. Data were received from 29 steel plants, representing 8% or approximately 111 million tonnes of the world’s total steel output in 2008. Results show that water consumption (consumption within this article refers to: intake water, when a complete steelworks is in question and to actual water needed by the process or facility (intake+reuse water) when talking at process level) at the steel plants varies from under 1–150 cubic metres per tonne of steel (m³ ts^?1) produced. The volume and quality of consumed and discharged water relate to steel plant configuration, geographical location and local legislation. Nearly 82% of all the water is used for once-through cooling. The data collected on for example, waste water treatment technologies and discharge quality are available in a digital database that can be used for, as an example, optimising water management within processes. This paper is based largely on the Worldsteel report ‘Water Management in Steel Industry 2011’ and outlines finding of the Water Management Working Group.